Properties of Liquid Solutions
جمعه, ۲۶ بهمن ۱۳۹۷، ۰۶:۱۴ ب.ظ
•Homogenous
mixture with uniform properties throughout
•The
solute cannot be isolated from the solvent
•The
particle size of the solute is about the same as that of the solvent
•All
of the molecules of the solute and solvent are intimately mixed
•The
continuous particle motion in solution maintains the homogenous, random
distribution of the solute and solvent particles
•Volumes
of solute and solvent are not additive
–Adding
1 L of alcohol and 1 L of water does not equal exactly 2 L of solution.
•The volume of pure liquid is
determined by the way in which the individual molecules fit together
•When
two or more kinds of molecules are mixed together, the molecular interactions
become more complex:
•solvent interacts with solvent
•solute interacts with solvent
•solute may interact with another
solute
•Clear and transparent with no
visible particles
•Colored or colorless depending on
the properties of the solute
•NOTE:
clear & colorless do not mean
the same thing
–Clear = not cloudy
–Colorless = absence of color
•Polar
solutes dissolve in polar solvents
•Non-polar
solutes dissolve in non-polar solvents
•The
degree of solubility depends on the difference between the polarity of the
solute and solvent and the temperature
•Redox
Potential
Solution’s ability to accept or donate electrons
•Reducing
agents
substances that donate electrons
•Oxidizing
agents
substances that accept electrons
•Conductivity
–Ability
of a solution to pass an electrical current due to the respective charges of
the ions present
•Resistivity
–Ability
of a solution to resist an electrical current
–Resistivity
of water is a measure of its purity
•Electrolytes are formed from
solutes that are ionic compounds
•Ions behave as charge carriers
–sodium
chloride in water
NaCl (s) + H2O à Na+ (aq) + Cl- (aq)
•Non-electrolytes – formed from nondissociating molecular solutes
•Their solutions do not carry
charge
–Glucose
in water
C6H12O6 (s) + H2O à C6H12O6 (aq)
Solid Dissolved
Glucose Glucose
